Q1. The phytosterols and phytostanols are found in __________ foods.

1. Plant
2. Poultry
3. Seafood
4. Both B and C

ANSWER: A. Plant

• Explanation: Plant sterols and plant stanols, often known as phytosterols, are cholesterol-like chemicals that are generated from plants. The sterol ring in plant sterols has a double bond. -sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol are the most abundant sterols in plants and the human diet. The sterol ring in plant stanols is devoid of a double bond. Only around 10% of total dietary phytosterols are stanols, particularly sitostanol and campestanol.

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Q2. Solute rejection factor for low molecular weight and high molecular weight solids respectively are ______________ and _______________.

A. 2, 1
B. 0, 1
C. 1, 0
D. 1, 2

ANSWER: B. 0, 1

• Explanation: R = 1 – (Cp/Cr) is the solute rejection factor. Solutes with low molecular weight will flow through the membrane, and the rejection factor, R = 0, will be zero. R equals 1 when the molecular size surpasses the total size of all holes. Physical sieving of solutes greater than the membrane molecular weight cutoff is one of the principal processes of solute rejection (MWCO).

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Q3. In a membrane separation process increasing the cross-flow rate of the feed causes _____.

A. Decrease in the permeate flux
B. Increase in the resistance to solvent flow
C. Reduction in the cake layer thickness
D. Increase in fouling at the membrane surface

ANSWER: C. Reduction in the cake layer thickness

• Explanation – By increasing shear and turbulence, a higher crossflow rate lowers the resistance to solvent flow, reduces the thickness of the cake layer, and reduces fouling. The differential in permeability of materials and substances is the basis for membrane separation. The differential in pressure, concentration, and electric potential provide the driving force for separation.

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Q4. Which of the following is a typical anti-solvent for membrane formation?

A. Dimethylformamide
B. Water
C. N-methyl pyrrolidone
D. Acetone

ANSWER – B. Water

• Explanation: Large volumes of typical organic solvents are utilized in membrane production. The use of solvents in synthesis and post-synthesis phases can hurt operational safety, cost, the environment, and human health. Organic solvents such as dimethylformamide, N-dimethyl pyrrolidone, and acetone may dissolve the membrane. For phase inversion and membrane preparation, water is employed as an anti-solvent.

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Q5. In membrane technology, what is the value of the separation factor for no separation?

A. 1
B. < 1
C. = 0
D. = 1

ANSWER: D. = 1

• Explanation: For no separation condition, Cp=Cf, the separation factor, Sf = 1-(Cp/Cf), which means Sf= 1. There are two types of separation processes: equilibrium governed separation processes and rate governed separation processes. The product phases are in equilibrium with the inlet phases in equilibrium-guided separation processes. In rate-governed separation processes, on the other hand, product phase composition or separation is determined solely by the pace of physical transit of species.

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