Q1. _________ processes is used for the deodorization of fats.

1. Oxidation
2. Steam refining
3. Alkali refining
4. Bleaching

ANSWER: B. Steam refining processes

• Explanation – Steam refining processes is used for the deodorization of fats. This entails blowing steam through a vacuum rather than oil. Deodorization of fats is accomplished using this method. Oil containing free fatty acids is normally treated to steam refining first, then alkali refining. Those with a low fatty acid content may also be alkali refined.

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Q2. In alkali refining, the hot oil is treated with a solution of alkali usually _________.

1. Potassium hydroxide
2. Sodium hydroxide
3. Calcium hydroxide
4. Ammonia

ANSWER – B. Sodium hydroxide

• Explanation:  Hot oil is treated with an alkali solution, commonly sodium hydroxide, in alkali refining. Sodium carbonate is used on occasion, while sodium salt is used on rare occasions. When free fatty acids react with alkali, soap is formed that may be used in water. Saponification is the term for the process. After that, the oil is combined with hot water and pushed through a centrifuge, which then discharges the oil.

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Q3. ________ process involves rearranging the fatty acids so they become disturbed randomly among triacylglycerol molecules of the fat.

1. Interesterification
2. Hydrogenation
3. Refining
4. Bleaching

ANSWER: A. Interesterification

• Explanation: The exchange of acyl radicals between an ester and an acid (acidolysis), an ester and alcohol (alcoholysis), or an ester and another ester (interesterification) is referred to as “interesterification” (transesterification). Industrial interesterification of fat, commonly known as randomization, is based on the latter process. The esterification process includes reordering fatty acids such that they are disrupted at random among the fat’s triacylglycerol molecules.

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Q4. ________ method the oil is removed from tissues that have a relatively low percentage of oil.

1. Solvent extraction
2. Pressing
3. Dry rendering
4. Wet rendering

ANSWER: A. Solvent extraction

• Explanation – Oil is extracted from tissues with a low proportion of oil using the solvent extraction technique. Occasionally, a tissue is pressed, and the press cake, with its low-fat content, is extracted using a solvent. After the oil has been extracted, the solvent must be eliminated. The approach is effective, but it is costly due to the unavoidable loss of the solvent due to evaporation. Petroleum ether, benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and carbon disulfide are all common solvents.

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Q5. The first step in refining most oils and fats is the removal of ________.

1. Cell debris
2. FFA
3. Phospholipids
4. Pigments

ANSWER: A. Cell debris

• Explanation: Materials that must be removed from crude oils derived from tissue are common. The removal of cell debris is the initial step in refining most oils and fats. Some crude oils have a high concentration of free fatty acids. As a result, palm oil typically contains roughly 5% free fatty acids. Steam refining can get rid of them almost completely.

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